Selasa, 06 November 2012

STEVIOSIDA PEMANIS ALAMI ANTIDIABETES



Pada umumnya, pemanis rendah kalori yang tersedia dipasaran adalah pemanis buatan. Pemanis buatan ini memang memiliki tingkat kemanisan yang tinggi dan rendah kalori namun memiliki sifat karsinogen (Wijaya. 2010), karena itu perlu adanya alternatif pemanis lain yang memiliki tingkat kemanisan tinggi, rendah kalori dan tidak bersifat karsinogen.
Steviosida adalah senyawa alam yang termasuk dalam golongan terpen (Gambar 1). Senyawa ini memiliki rasa yang sangat manis, 250 – 300 kali lebih manis dari sukrosa (gula tebu), serta rendah kalori (Chatsudthipong, 2008). Menurut Philip (1987), senyawa steviosida dari tanaman tersebut mempunyai potensi, fungsi, dan karakteristik pemanis yang lebih besar dari jenis-jenis pemanis lainnya. Selain itu,steviosida juga mempunyai sifat hipoglikemik yang berarti (Djas, 2005), sehingga dapat dipergunakan sebagai alternatif pencegahan dan terapi penyakit diabetes mellitus.

Steviosida dalam tubuh bekerja dengan cara meningkatkan produksi hormon insulin dan sensitivitasnya. Peningkatan hormon insulin menyebabkan berkurangnya kadar glukosa dalam plasma darah. Senyawa ini juga menghambat penyerapan glukosa pada usus dan pembentukan glukosa pada hati dengan mengubah aktivitas sejumlah enzim yang berperan dalam sintesa glukosa, sehingga kadar glukosa dalam plasma darah berkurang (Chatsudthipong, 2008).
Hasil penelitian kami menunjukan pemberian aspartam dengan dosis 1,8 mg/kgbb dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah sebesar 76,55 ± 7,59%. Hasil ini sama dengan penurunan kadar glukosa darah yang disebabkan oleh pemanis steviosida varietas Tawangmangu dengan dosis 0,70 mg/kgbb (63,10 ± 12,21%), serta pemanis steviosida varietas Bandungan dengan dosis 0,35 mg/kgbb (43,50 ± 11,26%) dan dosis 0,70 mg/kgbb (67,55 ± 6,50%) (Tabel 3).
Pemanis steviosida varietas Tawangmangu dengan dosis 0,70 mg/kgbb memberikan penurunan kadar glukosa darah yang tinggi dibandingkan dengan pemanis dari varietas yang sama dengan dosis 0,35 mg/kgbb, sementara pada pemanis steviosida varietas Bandungan dosis 0,35 mg/kgbb memberikan efek penurunan kadar glukosa darah yang sebanding dengan kontrol positifnya. Hasil penelitian ini selaras dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Rafiq, dkk (2011), Dutta, dkk (2010), dan Jeppsen, dkk (2003), dimana steviosida pada dosis tertentu dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah.

            

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